Автоматизация
Ознакомьтесь с терминами текста 1.
To suggest an idea to smb — натолкнуть на мысль
a weaving loom — ткацкий станок
a float-type controller — поплавковый регулятор
the centrifugal speed governor — регулятор скорости
transfer machining — механическая перестановка
control engineering — техника регулирования
a self-feeding process — процесс автоматической подачи
self-initiating — автоматическое включение
self-checking process — самопроверяющийся процесс
detect faults accurately — обнаруживать ошибки с большой точностью
above-mentioned advantages — вышеупомянутые достоинства
continuous cycle production — непрерывный производственный цикл
automatic aircraft pilot — автопилот самолета
to direct on the correct path — направлять по заданной траектории
ensure safe landing — обеспечивать мягкую посадку
2. Прочтите текст
AUTOMATION
It is well known that since ancient times people have tried to construct automatic toys. Those toys were put into motion by hidded mechanisms of automatic devices. The mechanical wonders of the past indicated the road for developing automatic systems later. Clocks and watches, being the first automatic systems, suggested to people an idea of producing automata in industrial manufacture. The Frenchman Vaucanson built a weaving loom replacing fifty weavers. The talented Russian mechanic Ivan Polzunov invented a float-type controller for his steam engine. Steam engines found universal application due to James Watt the invention of the centrifugal speed governor, designed by the English inventor James Watt. Soon automation spread to all technological spheres and became a moving force of technological advance.
So, automation deals with the theory and construction of control systems which can function without man’s participation. It should be noted that modern automatic industrial process involves four independent components, each component becoming more powerful in the presence of the other. They are: transfer machining, automatic assembly, communication engineering and control engineering. These four components are linked together into a single process called automation. When two or more automatic machines are connected together with automatic controls, which may be mechanical, electrical, electronic or a combination of them, an automated control system is formed. This system creates a self-feeding, self-initiating and self-checking process.
It should be noted that electronics has greatly extended the range of automatic control and has made the processing of information rapid and automatic. Electronic devices are able to respond very quickly to signals and take measurements and detect faults very accurately. So, they can effectively control many processes and machines working at high speeds. Due to the above-mentioned advantages automatic control systems find wide application in many fields of technology. Automatic controls relieve man of many monotonous activities. Besides, they can perform functions which are beyond the physical abilities of man. People make great use of automation in industry, it is especially effective in continuous cycle production. Various kinds of electronic devices are applied in automatic aircraft pilots, as radio aids to air and marine navigation. Owing to automation special devices make precise calculations for space vehicle movement, help to launch missiles and to direct them on the correct path. Automatic interplanetary stations and space rockets are equipped with orientation systems, photo-television apparatus, special soft landing radio systems and movement control systems of high precision. These systems ensure safe returning and safe landing.
Automation to be developed successfully has become one of the main factors of engineering progress today.
3. Дайте ответы на вопросы, используя информацию текста.
1. How were the first automatic toys put
into motion?
2. What were the first
automatic systems?
3. Who was the first to show the advantages of
automatic devices?
4. Due to what did steam engines find wide application?
5. What is automation?
6. What components does an automatic
industrial process include?
7. What conditions can an automatic control
system be formed under?
8. What processes does such system create?
9.
What extended the range of automatic control?
10. What fields of technology are automatic control systems used in?
Фотоотчет с выполненным заданием загрузить в СДО до 9:00 17.04.20